Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Underlaid D2D Communications and Low Resolution ADCs
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In this article, we investigate uplink transmission of a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) system, underlaid with device-to-device (D2D) communications, and assuming that access points (APs) are equipped with low resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). D2D user equipments (DUEs) are assumed to communicate in the same time-frequency resources as the CF-mMIMO user equipments (CFUEs). We derive closed-form expressions for achievable rates of both types of users, with perfect and imperfect channel state information. A set of orthogonal pilot sequences is reused among all the users to enable channel estimation. Then, greedy and graph coloring-based algorithms are employed to reduce pilot contamination. Furthermore, in order to control interference and improve the performance, two power control strategies are considered; the former aims at maximizing CFUEs' sum spectral efficiency (SE) subject to quality of service constraints on DUEs, while the latter maximizes weighted product of CFUEs' and DUEs' signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratios (SINRs). For both the optimization problems, a solution based on geometric programming (GP) is developed. Finally, numerical results are provided to highlight the system performance and to show the improvements granted by the use of the proposed pilot assignment algorithms and power allocation solution, compared with the random pilot assignment and full power transmission case.
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